Past Perfect

The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

I had studied.

He had written a letter to María.

We had been stranded for six days.

Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

I had studied.

(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had)

He had written a letter to María.

(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had)

We had been stranded for six days.

(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had)

Examples:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.

Vocabulary Unit #6

VOCABULARY:

Angry. -  Feeling or showing anger; incensed or enraged 


                                                   

Hurry. - To move or act with speed or haste.

                                           

Cheerful. -  Being in or characterized by good spirits

                                          

Careless. - Taking insufficient care

                                           

                                          


Noisy. -  Full of, characterized by, or accompanied by noise

                                        

Patient. -  Capable of calmly awaiting an outcome or result

                                      

    

VOCABULARY UNIT # 5 " SMART CHOICE"

VOCABULARY

Digital camera.- is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally and stores them for later reproduction.

e-book reader.- A handheld device specialized for reading electronic books.     

                                                       

headset.- A head-worn unit containing a microphone and one or two speakers.

                                                                                  

Smartphone.- A cellphone and handheld computer that created the greatest tech revolution since the Internet. 

                                                                                           

satellite radio.-   is a radio service broadcast from satellites primarily to cars, with the signal broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than terrestrial radio stations.

                                                              

Portable DVD player.- A handheld device with a built-in DVD drive and flip-over lid that contains a screen, typically 6" to 10" in size. 

                                                                                     

GPS.- an electronic system that uses these satellites todetermine the position of a vehicle, person, etc.  

                                                 

Laptop.- a portable computer, usually battery-powered,small enough to rest on the user's lap and havinga screen that closes over the keyboard like a lid.

                                                

Gerunds and Infinitives

We use gerunds (verb + ing):

• After certain verbs - I enjoy singing
• After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving
• As the subject or object of a sentence - Swimming is good exercise

We use 'to' + infinitive:

• After certain verbs - We decided to leave
• After many adjectives - It's difficult to get up early
• To show purpose - I came to London to study English

Verbs that take the gerund or 'to + infinitive' with examples and exercises:

Here are some of the most common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund:

enjoy	I enjoyed living in France
fancy	I fancy seeing a film tonight
discuss	We discussed going on holiday together
dislike	I dislike waiting for buses
finish	We've finished preparing for the meeting
mind	I don't mind coming early
suggest	He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel
recommend	They recommended meeting earlier
keep	He kept working, although he felt ill
avoid	She avoided talking to her boss

And here are some common verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive:

agree	She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting
ask*	I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early
decide	We decided to go out for dinner
help*	He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen
plan	She plans to buy a new flat next year
hope	I hope to pass the exam
learn	They are learning to sing
want*	I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party
would like*	I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight
promise	We promised not to be late

VOCABULARY UNIT # 4

Vocabulary 


Outgoing.- person: extroverted

Reserved.- Formal or self-restrained in manner and relationship; avoiding familiarity or intimacy with other.

Impolite.- person: rude, discourteous)

Impatient.- not patient; not accepting delay, opposition, pain,etc., with calm or patience

Generous.- liberal in giving or sharing 

                                                      

Forgetful.- having poor memory

                                                                            

Talkative.-  talks much

                                                    

                                                                 

                                                   

                   

Relative Clauses ( Subject and Object)

                                                 Relative Clauses ( Subject and Object)

WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE?

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

The relative clauses are: